Microscopes and Electron Micro essays

Magnifying instruments and Electron Micro papers There are a wide range of sorts of magnifying instruments and every one of them works in various manners and are utilized to amplify various things. A few instances of these are light magnifying lens, transmission electron magnifying lens and filtering electron magnifying instruments. Light magnifying lens, otherwise called a compound magnifying instrument, are the most basic. The condenser concentrates light beams, which typically originate from a light pointed at the mirror. It concentrates light onto the item to be seen. Light goes through the example and up to two focal points, one of which frames the picture while the other significantly amplifies it with the goal that we can see the detail in the example. A significant piece of how the magnifying lens functions is the way that light goes through the example. For this to happen, the material must be cut meagerly. The material is then recolored so the various pieces of the material are obvious. A color, for example, methylene blue is utilized in light of the fact that this colors the material without slaughtering it. Different colors require the material to be slaughtered first. An electron magnifying instrument is distinctive to a light magnifying instrument. They have had a significant impact in our insight into the cell ultra structure. It shows us the fine subtleties of the cell organelle. Electrons are utilized to make an amplified picture of the cell. Electrons have an a lot shorter frequency than light thus along these lines it has an extraordinary settling power. Rather than a light that was utilized with a light magnifying instrument to produce light an electron firearm is utilized, which are then centered around electromagnets. Territories that are thickly loaded up with electrons produce dull regions so we can unmistakably observe the state of the cells. The high-thickness electron shaft can devastate portions of the tissue causing lighter parts on the picture we see. The picture delivered is then observed on a screen or photographic plate. The photographs of examples delivered are called electonmicrographs. Electron magnifying lens can't be utili zed to lo ... <!

Global Purchasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worldwide Purchasing - Essay Example Buying is fundamental to any organization’s action. They have to buy crude materials, segments and hardware so as to create or make items. It is expressed by Williams (1975, 1985) that an organization’s basic role is to diminish arrangements around exchanges and to decrease the examination of the equivalent later on. This implies great dealing and settlement of gainful terms and conditions guarantee that issues don't surface later during conveyance or the assembling procedure. Obviously the benefits that will be made on the offer of the item will be to a great extent decided through the powerful buy itself. It is the obligation of the buying division to make what is known as a powerful buy. A buy is compelling when the best cost is acquired liable to best conveyance plan and in adjustment to the quality parameters that have been clarified and acknowledged by both the provider and the buyer. Aside from this, the terms and conditions should likewise be appropriate and not impeding to the buyer. There are three sorts of procurement. One is acquisition of Routine Products that are of low monetary worth not mind boggling and their tendency, quality, consistency and worth can be resolved without any problem. They are promptly accessible and buy offices don't invest an excessive amount of energy in their acquisition as in any case the acquirement can turn out to be more expensive than the item itself. Here the relationship with the provider is ostensible. The other sort is acquisition of Bottleneck Products that are items with a low money related hazard and a high intricacy. Proficient buyers invest energy and cash in their assurance and in improving the relationship with the provider so as to lessen their multifaceted nature. The provider has the force in this relationship (Five Force Analysis: Porter M.E) and the buyer is

Writer Choose, About Problems And Perspectives In Cultural Studies Coursework

Writer Choose, About Problems And Perspectives In Cultural Studies Coursework Writer Choose, About: Problems And Perspectives In Cultural Studies â€" Coursework Example > Problems and Perspectives in Cultural StudiesChapter 1IntroductionIn this essay I shall highlight the fact that Pierre Bourdieu and Michel De Certeau have different theoretical approaches to the problem of understanding social practice, but both are attentive to the gap between what people do and what people say that they do. In order to confirm my assumption that both theorists have different points of view on the gap between what people do and what people say that they do, I shall use relevant literature from the texts of the above mentioned theorists. Chapter 2DiscussionPierre Bourdieu believed that the beliefs, values and ways of thinking, acting and speaking of a social class were embodied within the individual. Where as According Michel de Certeau Those without place occupy space and are therefore transitory. These people without traditional power bases are seen as relying on tactics rather than strategies and must make due with what is available. In other words, they can ca lculate and prescribe from a position of power. In The Practice of Everyday Life is instructive on investigating spaces of resistance. For de Certeau those in power with established strongholds are considered to have place and are therefore able to work strategically where as Bourdieu’s theory of habitus and field was concerned with overcoming the opposition between objectivism and subjectivism. Objectivists ignore agency and the agent, while subjectivists focus on the way agents think about, account for or represent the social world. Bourdieu favoured a position that is structuralist without losing sight of the agent (Ritzer, 2004 p 23). To side step the objectivist subjectivist dilemma, Bourdieu focused on practice, which he saw as the outcome of the relationship between structure and agency. He labelled his own orientation 'constructivist structuralism' or 'genetic structuralism' (Ritzer, 2004 p 25). This is because he saw the analysis of objective structures (those of differ ent fields) as inseparable from the analysis of the genesis. Bourdieu argued that social structures also exist in the social world itself. He saw objective structures as independent of the consciousness and will of agents. Bourdieu's constructively ignores subjectivity and intentionality. He thought it important to include in his sociology the way people, on the basis of their position in social space, perceive and construct the social world. However, the perception and construction that take place in the social world are both animated and constrained by structures (Ritzer, 2004 p 27). Although habitus is an internalized structure that constrains thought and choice of action, it does not determine them. The habitus merely suggests what people should think and what they should choose to do. People have the ability to engage in a conscious deliberation of options, although this decision-making process does in fact reflect the operation if the habitus (Ritzer, 2004 p 30). The habitus is the concept for which Bourdieu is most famous. Habitus are the 'mental or cognitive structures' through which people deal with the social world (Ritzer, 2004 p 24). People both produce their practices, and perceive and evaluate them. As a result, habitus reflect objective divisions in class structures such as age groups, genders, and social classes. Taking the issue of social class for example, an individuals tastes and preferences can often illustrate to what class they belong. For instance, perhaps people from the upper class would be more likely to appreciate the theatre than those from the lower class, as this is how they have been educated. In other words, those who occupy the same position in the social world tend to have similar habitus. This can be seen in the fact that art and cultural consumption are predisposed, consciously and deliberately or not, to fulfil a social function of legitimating social differences. The habitus allows people to make sense out of the socia l world, but the existence of a multitude of habitus means that the social world and its structures do not impose themselves uniformly on all actors (Ritzer, 2004 p 23).

Television Violences Effects on Children Essay - 1080 Words

Television Violences Effects on Children Most people read statistics like â€Å"Before the average American child leaves elementary school, he or she will have witnessed more than 8,000 murders on television† ( â€Å"Does T.V. Kill?† ), and worry about the negative effect viewing violence on television will have on their children. Research into the effects of childhood exposure to violent television programming shows that there is cause for concern. Watching violence on television does have a negative effect on the way children see the world and the way they behave towards others. Researchers have discovered that repeated exposure to violence on television causes children to become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others.†¦show more content†¦Why is this the case? Children often have difficulty understanding that what they see on television is not reality. To them, the acts of violence that they see seem very real. George Gerbner discusses what he has discovered about the feelings of fear children exhibit after prolonged exposure to television violence: What television seems to cultivate is what we call â€Å"The mean-world syndrome†. If you’re growing up in a heavy viewing home, for all practical purposes, you live in a meaner world than your next door neighbor who watches less television. The major, most pervasive message of violence is that of insecurity and vulnerability and fear. The question then becomes, how do children react to their fear of the world? How should a person react to a dangerous situation? The reaction most researchers noted in their studies was very interesting. Television has shown children how dangerous the world around them is. According to many television programs, violence is the answer. According to the National Television Violence Study , when violence is portrayed as morally proper, it lowers children’s inhibitions against aggression. Because the perpetrator of on-screen violence is often the hero of the show, children can become easily convinced that violence is not only the correct way to react to a frightening situation, but in factShow MoreRelated Children Viewing Violence on Television Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesChildren Viewing Violence on Television      Ã‚   In virtually all American households, a television is present. Through this electronic device, the public receives different messages. The main use of the television is for entertainment purposes. The programs on television usually mirror and enhance the different aspects of American culture. People ranging from infants to elderly adults watch television, the subject matter that is appropriate for these different age groups varies. Yet, televisionRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Television Violence1040 Words   |  5 PagesProject Outline The Portrayal of Television Violence in the U.S. Programs and Its Impact on Viewers Introduction Over the past one three decades, there have been cases of increased child violence as well as adult conflicts. Many theories have been developed to explain this growing trend in the society. Media violence has been one of the factors considered. There has been continuous research with regards to the relationship that exists between media violence’s and the behavior of the viewers. SomeRead More Exposure to Media Violence Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between the viewing of violence in such forms as video games and television shows has been widely contested and thoroughly researched. Various conclusions can be drawn from multiply sources, though as of yet there has been no one final conclusion as to the nature of the relationship. Some research has studied how media violence can affect other aspects of behaviour, such as memory (Bushman 1988), or the long-term effects that it can have from early childhood, to adolescence (Huesmann, Eron,Read MoreThe Effect of Violence in the Media on the Minds of Adolescents1539 Words   |  6 Pagesfilter what our children are exposed to. The media doesn’t force the violence on the young children, but they are setting standards for what children may think is or dinary behavior or language. (Felson) Violence is found in almost everything anymore, regardless of the movie, show or video games. There is some type of violence involved, and it’s almost becoming â€Å"normal†. (Felson) With forcefulness being observed in animations, sports, sitcoms and dramas, it’s likely to make children believe that thisRead MoreEssay about Censorship1703 Words   |  7 Pagescaring, not because they are grieving a loss. But what does it all mean, and what is causing it? Some will point fingers at their televisions and movie theatres and assert that they are to blame. Not being one in the habit of pointing fingers and making absurd accusations, I will explain the free will of man and his inalienable rights to free speech. To censor television and motion pictures because of one factions set of morals is earily similar to book burning. Censorship of media messages is anRead MoreEssay on Video Games and Violence1481 Words   |  6 Pagesabo ut this topic. However as this paper goes deeper in this issue we can finally find out whether video games had influence regardless how powerful it is on gun violence. Throughout this paper we research what type of behavioral and psychological effect video games especially those very heavy gun violence in them, and what we as a nation can do to prevent terrible incidents that were stated earlier from ever happening. Understand just how video games can influence or affect us especially the violentRead MorePreventing The Occurrence Of Domestic Violence1298 Words   |  6 Pagesthe issue, to reduce the rates of harm to our Australian women’s well-being so that their future choices are not jeopardised. P1 (AWARENESS AND EDUCATION): In life we are endlessly exposed to violence. On television (whether it be the news or in newspapers), video games that our children play, sporting clubs that our youth are growing up in and influenced by, nightclubs that our teenagers and young adults are attending, and on the streets where other dangers are nearby. Its not fair to say thatRead MoreTheoretical and Methodological Problems Associated With Viewing Media in Terms of Effects1820 Words   |  8 PagesWhat different kinds of â€Å"effects† can the media have, and what are the theoretical and methodological problems associated with viewing media in terms of effects? Discuss in relevance to research. ‘One of the first and most important assumptions of the study of mass communication has been the presumption that media and their content have significant and substantial effects’ (Perse, E.M. 2001: 3). The topical debate and concerns of ‘media effects’ has had a long history. ‘Mass communication could

Gender Roles Of The Modern Societies - 2031 Words

Difficulties in differentiating gender roles in the modern societies can be a perfect example of the negative social effects of using stereotypes. A division of gender roles is deeply rooted in the social archetypes. In the past, men have been considered to be the financial providers of the family, and assertive and independent, while women have been portrayed as low-position workers and housewives, responsible for raising children. Nowadays a family model is based on a partnership between the spouses, and the feminist environment has had a significant impact on the change in this situation. They claimed that there should be no distinction between typical masculine and feminine occupations, and that the traits of character should not be assigned to only one gender. Although females and males are still not equal, the differences between genders are not so vast anymore. Nevertheless, many social institutions, such as mass media, still use gender stereotypes, basing on the assumption th at they are well known to everyone and help the public understand the content of the message. Mass media has a great power and reaches large audiences, and affects people’s lives by shaping their opinions, attitudes and beliefs. Although the differences between male and female roles are smaller today, mass media still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes. The first commercial I watched was a Georgio Armani cologne ad that aired during Dance Moms. In the commercial, there was an in shape manShow MoreRelatedGender Roles In Modern Society728 Words   |  3 PagesGender is an integral part of social practices of human interaction. It influences on all aspects of a persons life such as self-assertion and self-development, family, work, school, etc. Through the gender lens a person perceives any kind of information and passes it to the surrounding world by using a gender display. The process of gender socialization and the content of gender stereotypes has great importance not only for the life of an individual, but also for the progressive development ofRead MoreMode rn Society Gender Roles1685 Words   |  7 PagesToday we live in a world that continually stresses to us that, All men are created equal. While this sounds great at face value, further inspection tells us that this is far from realistic and sadly may never be. One can examine any aspect of society whether it be race, religion, language, level of education, sexual orientation or economic status and notice that there are numerous characteristics and factors of identity that enable others to treat others differently. 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Nazi Germany told to raise and birth children . Soviet Union you will raise children and birth them but also be a soldier and fight when needed. You will be treated as a man but with the duty of aRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1725 Words   |  7 Pagesopinion of a ‘perfect society’ varies according to each individual, but the same general concepts usually remain quite similar: incredibly advanced technology, lush landscapes in hundreds of d ifferent shades of green, with copious amounts of peace and tranquility. Gender equality, however, is something that seems to be left out of the typical picture of the ‘perfect society’. 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The gender roles have been preserved for too long and it has become almost like a permanent component of a society—like a body part itself, rather than a constructed normsRead MoreA Male Dominant Society1816 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to create a logical and reason based argument that the modern society is still tilted towards a male dominant society, or what the sociologists refer to as a patriarchal society, it is pivotal that a thorough understanding of the characteristics of a patriarchal society is developed. When a strong grasp of the ideas of a patriarchal society is developed then we will be in a position to argue that it is in fact the commoditization of the female sexuality through media and other popular mediumsRead MoreGender Roles And Male Roles1496 Words   |  6 PagesMales and Female Roles Males and females have important roles in society. They have different roles to play in modern society. In the past, men and women generally had their own roles to fulfill. These traditional gender roles were the normal back and still observed today. Gender roles are the roles that men and women are expected to occupy based on their sex. In today’s society the norm in gender roles are challenge. The traditional view of the gender role decided that women should behave in waysRead MoreWomen s First Wave Of Feminism Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesand gender binaries. Newfound research pertaining to female History helps us to better understand modern social constructs and how they were established. Starting with the late eighteenth century, which marks the transition from pre-industrialization to the emergence of economic development in Europe, and then closely following with the American Industrial Revolution. During the rise of the industrial revolution and the eighteenth century came the conception of the classification of gender and sexRead MoreGender Inequality Is The Unequal Treatment Of Someone Based Off Their Gender961 Words   |  4 PagesIn modern society gender inequality is the unequal treatment of someone based off their gender rather than their varying skills, abilities, and characteristics. In our society gender equality can be hard to notice sometimes but in o ther cases it is very obvious such as pay scale for jobs. Many efforts have been taken in the past to get rid of this unequal gap between genders especially in the modern workplace. It is difficulty for many of us to think about gender inequality especially considering

Cyber Security Threats, Response and Improvement Free Essays

Cyberspace, or the Internet as an interchangeable reference, is the electronic medium of computer networks and systems in which online communication and enterprise takes place. Originally, the Internet served to interconnect laboratories engaged in government research. However, since 1994, the decentralized Internet has expanded to serve millions of users and a multitude of purposes in all parts of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Cyber Security: Threats, Response and Improvement or any similar topic only for you Order Now With this shift from government tool to general tool, the Internet has become a collective result of ideas, beliefs and initiatives. Many aspects of our day-to-day lives can be traced along the Internet through some form of electronic function. In addition to its wide reaching powers with regards to the spread of information, the Internet has also become the most democratic and universal form of mass media ever known, since no one entity has a monopoly over the information available, thus making control close to impossible. Clearly, Internet usage in today’s world is no longer viewed as a nonessential luxury. Usage and content has exponentially risen to a level of unprecedented proportion that requires its own area of precautions and supervision. The distal range of context that Cyberspace commands is the basis for a host of security issues and challenges that anyone that utilizes the Internet is made aware of daily. There is a growing awareness in today’s globalized world of the imminent dangers that may befell anyone that isn’t careful of their Internet usage. Cybercrimes such as theft, fraud and identify theft, to name a few, pose as ominous threats to the security of any individual or enterprise that engages the Internet at any given time. Read this  Chapter 2 – Why Security is Needed Not only are these threats that individuals are subjected to, but also threats that the US government has been forced to acknowledge as it becomes increasingly dependent on the internet as a way of life. Based on the combination of the new widespread use of the internet, as well as governments and world’s dependence on the internet for daily life, cyber security has become the new face to American foreign policy, national security, military and defense strategies and economic stability. As President Obama explained, the growing number of attacks on our cyber networks has become â€Å"one of the most serious economic and national security threats our nation faces. † This increased threat explains the increase in the cyber security field, task force work, watchdog groups and government agencies over the past decade. â€Å"Cyber security,† as the field has been coined, is varied and ranges from the local, state and federal levels, all with the purpose of regulating and policing the ill effects of Cyberspace usage. Responding to Threats. The increase of security threats has forced the United States government to meet these new challenges and implement strategies towards the safeguarding and integrity of its critical infrastructures, as well as against an extensive gamut of state and non-state actors that do not adhere to physical borders. The United States government is responsible for the supervisory control and data acquisitions (SCADA) of the entire nation. SCADA has seen a growing dependence of critical infrastructures and industrial automation on interconnected physical and cyber based control systems. There has been a growing and previously unforeseen cyber security threat to these systems, which include industrial control systems, computer systems that monitor and control industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes. These critical infrastructures include areas such as water treatment and distribution plants, wastewater collection and treatment plants, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution generators, wind farms, civil defense siren systems and large communication systems. Although most critical infrastructures are in the private sector, governments at various levels perform many key functions with regard to these infrastructures. Among those key functions are national defense, homeland security, emergency response, taxation, remittances to citizens, central bank activities, criminal justice, and public health. These functions and others now depend upon information networks and systems. Thus, it is the duty of the government by law to secure their information systems in order to provide essential services that is critical to the continuity of government. Government’s role in cyber security is warranted in cases where high transaction costs or legal barriers lead to significant coordination problems; cases in which governments operate in the absence of private sector forces; resolution of incentive problems that lead to under provisioning of critical shared resources; and raising awareness. †7 Policy Review Current cyber security policy has been adjusted to reflect the clear and present danger associated with cyber warfare. The Obama Administration has identified several areas in which cyber security will be greatly impacted. Its near term strategy, which in effect is the Administration’s immediate focus, is the most vigorous strategy, and includes the listing and identification of the designation of a cyber security directorate, establishes cyber security as a management priority, proposes a cyber security action plan that develops a framework for research and development strategies that focus on game-changing technologies that have the potential to enhance the security, reliability, resilience, and trustworthiness of digital infrastructure. The strategy also strives to provide the research community access to event data to facilitate developing tools, testing theories, and identifying workable solutions. 7 Cyber security and its safeguarding of critical infrastructure as we know it today came to pass The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P. L. 107-296), which transferred and integrated several federal entities that play a role in cyber-security of control systems into the Department of Homeland Security. These entities include the Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office, the National Infrastructure Protection Center, the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center, and parts of the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Assurance. Additionally, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 created a new class of information, critical infrastructure information, which can be withheld from the public by the federal government. In spite of the clandestine measures in place to ensure the integrity of privileged information, the cornerstone of America’s cyberspace security strategy is and will remain a public-private partnership. The government, working with key stakeholders, should design an effective mechanism to achieve a true common operating picture that integrates information from the government and the private sector and serves as the basis for informed and prioritized vulnerability mitigation efforts and incident response decisions. From a federal government perspective, the proper and most efficient approach to ensuring the safety and integrity of its cyber security is through rigorous and cost-effective risk assessments. Industry Initiatives Since the field of cyber-security is a relatively new one, it will continue to experience its share of technical difficulties along the way. Initiatives that address the vulnerability of industrial control systems may be reduced and enhanced in a ‘less is more’ approach through a range of federal actions. Development standards by either a voluntary or mandatory process for cyber-security of control systems; identifying and addressing critical infrastructure interdependencies; developing encryption methods for control systems; identifying and establishing technologies to address existing vulnerabilities; funding long-term research into secure SCADA systems; providing for free exchange of risk information between the federal government, private industry, and other critical infrastructure sectors; and assessing federal activities in this area are all possibilities for negotiation. Due to the severity of importance surrounding SCADA systems, federal actions may also create a more uniform process that would include â€Å"the functionality necessary to protect industrial control systems, while providing for more secure operation. † Preparedness and Resources America’s increasing dependence on information technology has given way towards a greater protection of digital networks and infrastructures, however confidence in its current form is as delicate as ever despite renewed calls for better understanding, awareness and preparedness of critical infrastructures. â€Å"Confidence in preparedness is variable. Nearly a third of IT executives surveyed said their own sector was either â€Å"not at all prepared† or â€Å"not very prepared† to deal with attacks or infiltration by high-level adversaries. Among those who had actually experience such attacks, the lack of confidence rises to 41 percent. † It is a generally held view by the cyber security community that the resources in place to secure networks are in adequate measure to respond to at-large threats. Overall, cost was most frequently cited as â€Å"the biggest obstacle to ensuring the security of critical networks,† followed by â€Å"lack of awareness of the extent of the risk. Such a daunting task of safeguarding these important resources can only be handled at the federal level, particularly in the military’s domain, yet even the federal government isn’t impervious to data breaches, nor is the military. The man currently responsible for overseeing US cyber security strategy is Deputy Defen se Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn of US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM). Secretary Lynn cites the biggest threat to American cyberspace stems from the â€Å"exploitation, disruption and destruction of our networks. In 2008, the US was the victim of a cyber attack that penetrated top-secret classified files. The breach occurred when a foreign intelligence agent used a malicious flash drive to steal information from laptops in Iraq and Afghanistan. Lynn cites this unprecedented event as â€Å"the most significant breach of U. S. military computers ever. †13 More recently in May of 2010, the US Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet) was breached by PFC Bradley Manning, which led to the highly publicized Wiki Leaks controversy. USCYBERCOM will play the leading role in helping to integrate cyber operations into operational and contingency planning as outlined by the 2010 Cyberspace Policy Review and the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR). According to the Cyberspace Policy Review, â€Å"[t] he nation’s approach to cyber security over the past 15 years has failed to keep pace with the threat. † The QDR acknowledges that: There is no exaggerating our dependence on DoD’s information networks for command and control of our forces, the intelligence and logistics on which they depend, and the weapons technologies we develop and field. In the 21st century, modern armed forces simply cannot conduct high-tempo, effective operations without resilient, reliable information and communication networks and assured access to cyberspace. It is therefore not surprising that DoD’s information networks have become targets for adversaries who seek to blunt U. S. military operations. Indeed, these networks are infiltrated daily by a myriad of sources, ranging from small groups of individuals to some of the largest countries in the world. The reality facing governments and private enterprise today with relation to yber attacks is to maintain a steadfast and cautious plan whose efficacy enables them to respond to the incessant attacks by hostile governments and non-state actors alike. Undoubtedly, these measures are costly, but a solid investment in the safeguarding of critical infrastructure and data. The alternative lies in damage control once an attack has been initiated, which when compared to an attack, is exponentially less than the warranted protection in aggregate. The average estimated cost of 24 hours of down time from a major cyber attack was U. S. $6. 3 million in 2010. 6 According to a study prepared by the Poneman Institute, a research center dedicated to privacy, data protection and information security policy, the smaller the gap between compliance and non-compliance costs, the lower the occurrence of compromised records for an organization. 17 According to Undersecretary of Defense Lynn, â€Å"cyber attacks on our military networks have not cost any lives, not yet. But in a six month period, the Defense Department spent more than $100 million defending its networks †¦ and we spend billions annually in a proactive effort to defend our network s. †18 Future Action Plans The interdependence of cyberspace means system networks are heavily dependent on varying infrastructures in order to function at optimum capacity. The US Department of Defense has acknowledged that in order to meet the demands of today’s cyber security threats, they must collaborate with private enterprise in order to coordinate responses to cyber attacks. The Cyber Policy Review states that, â€Å"implementation of this framework will require developing reporting thresholds, adaptable response and recovery plans, and the necessary coordination, information sharing, and incident reporting mechanisms needed for those plans to succeed. Moreover, the QDR supports the Cyber Policy Review by stating that, â€Å"this mutual assistance includes information sharing, support for law enforcement, defense support to civil authorities, and homeland defense. In particular, DoD will strengthen its cooperation with DHS, which leads the national effort to protect federal information systems. †19 Collaborative Effort and Hierarchy While cyber security is currently evolving and become a growing trend in the digital age with relation to national, military and economic security, overnment-sponsored cyber security cooperation varies widely among owners and operators of critical infrastructure in their respective arenas. 20 The advent of globalization has spawned a new age of interdependence and the integration of markets, nation-states and technologies. 21 While there is no question as to the federal government’s responsibility in pooling its resources together for its own security, the question remains insofar as to ho w the US’ allies and partners will collaborate in areas of mutual interest with relation to cyber security. As with any other venture that requires circumspection, the tendency for information sharing not only at the federal level, but international level as well may very well be a one-way street; from bottom, up. While U. S. cyber security policy aims at having a partnership with private enterprise, resistance from the private sector arises from an impending gamut of legislation and regulation. Three areas in particular are a concern for IT professionals: * Lack of faith in the understanding officials have about the way a sector works. Clumsy regulation may â€Å"level-down† security in very diverse sectors. * The risk that mandatory disclosure of security incidents—for example the compromise of personal data—can drive policy and resources in counter-productive directions. 22 These concerns are well founded and derive from the legislative branch’s inability to often time analyze, understand and process information in a timely fashion. Improving Cyber Space It w ill remain an arduous task for anyone and everyone who utilizes cyberspace as a medium for information and data sharing to maintain a relative form of security comfort. Cyberspace in its current form is unregulated by most countries around the world. China is an exception; due to their system of government, the Chinese see it as a strategic interest to hide certain areas of public internet usage. While there are steps in place to promote a healthy relationship in cyberspace from the government on down to private individuals, cyberspace and its capabilities are its infancy in terms of technology, systems and infrastructure. The ceiling is limitless with relation to advancements in all three of these phases. In the short-term, information placed in cyberspace must be carefully weighed for its content value and varying degree of sensitivity. There is a growing demand and shift towards internet usage that has secured access. For example, most websites that handle financial transactions and safeguard personal information have moved towards the â€Å"https://† coding for secure connectivity. Firewalls are an important component as well in handling any would-be hacker or virus from penetrating encrypted data. Such measures are an important step towards maintaining a harmonized cyberspace. The need and demand for privacy is another area of interest in maintaining a safe environment within cyberspace. There’s a profound difference between the location of a terrorist cell on a network server in the Pentagon and an individual’s latest update on a social media site. While both are important for differing reasons, privacy and security are of the utmost importance to maintaining the Internet and its users as safe as possible. Many cyber vulnerabilities exist because of a lack of cyber security awareness on the part of computer users, systems administrators, and technology developers, Such awareness-based vulnerabilities present serious risks to critical infrastructures. 23 Safety and improvements to cyberspace is everyone’s responsibility. With no single governing body in charge of securing and improving cyberspace, it becomes increasingly more important for all users to heed the caveat lectors of their own due diligence and to point out potential trouble areas and vulnerabilities. How to cite Cyber Security: Threats, Response and Improvement, Papers

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Answer: Introduction Cerebral amyloid angiopathy has been referred to as congiphilic angiopathy, which is a form of angiopathy characterised by deposits of blood vessel walls in the blood nerval system, which shows the presence of abnormal of amyloid in the brain tissue, (Liu, et al., 2016). CAA has been associated with Alzheimers disease, which leads to bleeding of the brain which is often associated with dementia. The bleeding is often associated with bleeding of the lobe, (Walton et al., 2015). It often occurs through sporadic occurrence among the elderly population. CAA often has been categorized into two; Iceland and the British type. Medical management is to manage the symptoms. Speech and physical therapist have played significant role in managing the disease. Cystatin protein has often been associated with brain medical condition and plays crucial role in brain disorders. Cystatin gene is encoded with initial CST3 gene used as a biomaker, (Wuttkle et al., 2015). It has been associated with brain disorders. Mutations of the cystatin gene has been associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, it forms the basic susceptibility in causing Alzheimers disease, (Vella, 2015). The Gene Gene function and expression Cystatin gene is a protein form that encodes itself to humans to form CSTA gene. The gene forms super family forms like the sequences which form the normal cystatin like sequence which are active producing protease inhibitors. Some of the sequence often loses its inhibitory effect. Inhibitory families forms three groups which include the cystatin also referred to as stefins, type two cystatin and the kinigogens. The gene encodes the gene stefin which functions as cystatin protease inhibitor which forms the complex compound with papain and cathepsins B, H and L. They functions as a precursor of cell envelopes which are cornified in the keratinocytes and plays a role in epidermal development and maintenance, (Redecke et al., 2013). Gene structure Complete amino sequence of single polypeptide of human cystatin corresponds to the C DNA. The three characteristic structure of cystatin C is similar to homologous protein chicken cystatin. Studies have shown that the truncated form of cystatin C (A8) and of cystatin C variants produced at site directed mutagenesis. Of B18, H5, H6,L12, M7 and also identification of sequence of similarities of cystatin which have properties of peptide segments. Cystatin protease inhibitor, cystatin C forms amyloid deposits which accumulate in the cerebral haemorrhages with the amyloidosis Icelandic type, which leads to haemorrhages, (Xu et al., 2014). Cystatin is also associated with neurological a degenerative disease which is involved in pathogenic processes leading to amyloid deposits in the cerebral vasculature which is a condition which leads to cerebral haemorrhage in older patients. Gene locus Cystatin gene locus and conservation usefulness in animal models with the protein inhibitor has been found as expression of two sequence tags. The gene has been found to be located in the 2G3 chromosome area; it encodes the entire 141 amino acids. The protein has been found to be related to family 2 cystatins which lacks critical consensus sites for inhibition. The characteristics have been found in male reproductive system in mouse, (Miller et al., 2017). The protein Protein fucntion The protein nature of the cystatin C is non glycosylated basic protein which is a member of the cystatin super family of protease inhibitors. The structure is often illustrated with promotion and determined by the gene. The low molecular gene is in stable concentration of the protein which is determined by the glomerular filtrate rate of the individual. Protein description Cystatin C is a protein encoded with the form of CST3 gene which is mainly used as biomarker for kidney function. However more recent research has linked its role in predicting new onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also plays a significant orle on the brain disorders which often involves the amyloid protein. In humans, cells with nucleus produce cystatin C which produces chain of 120 amino acids. It fuses itself in the tissues and body fluids and acts as protein inhibitor, (Teyssou et al., 2013). Its molecular biology entails the super family proteins that contain the multiple cystatin like consequences. These members are active cystatin protease inhibitors while others have no inhibitory effects. The three inhibitory families include the type 1 cystatin proteins, type two cystatin and the kinogens. The type two are often associated with human fluids and secretions, where they appear to provide protective functions. Protein Properties The cystatin proteins are the class of cystatin proteins which are found in variety of human beings fluids, secretions. The gene is often found in the cystatin locus on the chromosome 20 which contains the majority of type two cystatin genes. It is encoded in the in extracellular inhibitor which is found in all organs. According to Akerblom et al., (2014), the CST3 gene contains the cystatin locus and comprises of 3 exons which have the coding regions and non coding regions in the gene. It contains the most extracellular inhibitor of cystatin protease. It is found highly in biological fluids and expressed in all organs of the human body. The three polymorphism in the promoter region lead to two variant. Cystatin C is a non glycosylated basic protein at the Ph of 9.3. The crystal structure of cystatin c is characterized by the short alpha helix and long helix alpha which is found across large anti parallel stranded beta sheet. Cystatin C forms dimmers which by exchanging the sub domains in the paired state. Cystatin C has been measured to having random sample of serum blood with red blood cells and clotting factors have been eliminated using immunoassays like the nephelometry. The test have proven to be more expensive to run Protein dysfunction and analysis Cystatin gene has been associated with neurologic disorders. A mutation in the cystatin 3 gene is responsible for the Icelander hereditary disease. It is a condition which predisposes the intracellular hemorrhage, stroke and other related diseases. These diseases are inheritable. It binds s the amyloidal b and leads to reduction of the aggregation and deposition. It is a potential target for Alzheimers diseases. These mutations have often been associated with amyloidal angiopathy. Majority of the studies done have majored on the CST3 Role of susceptibility in Alzheimers disease, (Wisment et al., 2015). Protein expression in the vascular wall of the smooth muscle proteins is often severely reduces in both atherosclerotic state and the aneurismal aortic lesions which is clearly observed in the aortic disease. The protein further has been shown to have antimicrobial effects which inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus. Serum cystatin c is often measure with automated immunoassay. More sensitive changes of the GFR serum creatinin if often associated, (Stewart et al., 2014). The disease Description of the disease The cerebral amyloid angiopathy refers to the accumulation of the beta amyloid in the medial adventitia of the small and midsized arteries of the cerebral cortex and the lepromeninges. It is a factor of disorder in which the amyloid is deposited in the brain and is not linked to systemic amyloidal. CAA has always referred to one of the morphologic hallmarks of the Alzheimers disease. it is found in brains of the elderly people whose health state of the neurology is okay, (2-3). It is often asymptomatic; however it may lead to dementia, intracranial haemorrhage or transient events. The diagnostic guidelines of the disease have been clarified with the cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which associates the CAA with intracranial haemorrhage. The fouls levels of certainty in the diagnosis of the CAA are often considered as definite, probable supporting pathogenic evidence Molecular and cellular analysis The definite form of the CAA involves the full post-mortem examination which often reveals the lobar , cortical or the cortical sub cortical haemorrhage of severe case of CAA. Probable CAA has been found with supporting pathologic evidence. The clinical data of the pathologic tissue shows the haemorrhage of the characteristics and degree of amyloid deposition. The probable CAA shows the clinical data and magnetic resonance imaging which shows the multiple haematosis among patients over the age of 60 years. The aetiology of the disease often occurs in sporadic form. However genetic predispositions often exist, which include apoli protein subtypes which confer with different risk profiles. Most of the case of CAA is related with the intracranial haemorrhage which is spontaneous. Evidence have often linked data which suggest that the amyloid is produced in responds to the smooth muscle cells of the tunica media which damages the vessel walls, (Bai et al., 2016). Amyloid deposition is often complex and involves the key process of production of amyloid precursor proteins, processing of precursor proteins, aggregation of proteins and the fibrial formation. The impaired formation and accumulation of the soluble and the insoluble beta amyloid peptides have often underlie the occurrence of CAA shows the association between CAA and the Alzheimers disease. Amyloid fibrials often deposits itself in the cerebral vessels like in the case of amyloid CAA and plaques the parenchyma part of the brain, (Fitzpatrick et al., 2013). The accumulation dynamics of the clearance of the amyloid can be related to the impaired drainage from the peri- vascular basement membranes. The intestinal fluid and solute drain form the brain and the cervical lymph nodes in the capillary basements and the brain are powered by the pulsatile flow in the vessel, (5). The aetiology of the disease forms the basis of the hereditary brain cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis. The Dutch type hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis is often a disorder with complete penetration. Among individuals having this, 87 % have been found with ICH and 13% have infarcts. The amyloids have been in the cortical and leptimenngineal vessels; parenchyma neurofibrialliary which are not seen. The Icelandic type hereditary celebral haemorrhage has also shown autosomal dominant. The presences of the patient in the first episode of ICH in the third or fourth decade in some patients have shown underage clinical symptoms as young as age of 15 years. Amyloid angiopathy is more wide spread in this type than others which often involve arteries in the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brainstem part of the brain. The amyloid protein has shown itself as mutant gene of the cystatin protease inhibitor of cystatin C, (Carare et al., 2013). The haemorrhage in the protein has often been observed as the media for damages and the adventia of cortical and leptomengeal vessels which often leads to the thickening of the basal membrane. This process often results in the fibrinoid necrosis and the micro aneuryims formation which predisposes it to haemorrhage. The CAA has always been linked to the changes in the brain which include the lobar cerebral and the cerebella haemorrhage, leuko encephalopathy and plague depositions. It is often associated with the hypo-perfusion. Neuro pathology has been linked to mild CAA which affects the relatively smaller portions of the leptomengeal and superficial cortical vessels. Complete erosion of the arteries often occurs with only the endothelium surrounding the deposit remaining, which predisposes to haemorrhage. When viewed under electron microscope, it demonstrates the fibrils of the amyloid in the outer basement membrane in the initial stage of the CAA, (Boyle et al., 2015). Current and future treatment options More prevalence has been observed among the women more than men, with over the age of 65 years with risks increasing as the age advances. Patients with amyloid angiopathy of the cerebral often have increased risks of bleeding while taking medication such as the warfarin even when administered within the level of anticoagulation range. The vasculopathic change often predisposes these patients to small bleeds. The use of anticoagulant results in the enlargement of small haemorrhages what would otherwise remain asymptomatic. Withdrawing from these drugs of the family of anticoagulant agents has been shown to be prudent intervention to prevent the occurrence of patients with prior lobar haemorrhages. Strong evidence which provides the link between the CAA and the antithrombotic therapy is not sufficient. Treatment of hypertensions has been found to promote prevention of the recurrence of haemorrhage in the CAA. Transplantation has always been associated with the hereditary cause of CAA, mortality and the occurrence of cerebral haemorrhage and the dementia among patients who had transplants. This study could not be generalized due to the small sample size it targeted, (Mattila et al., 2014). The medical process of cerebral amyloid angiopathy is untreatable, thus management of CAA related intracranial haemorrhage has been found to be identical to the standard management of CH. Cerebral drug developed for the managed of the CAA to reduce the amyloid formation and deposition has not been widely utilised due to safety concern. References kerblom, A., Eriksson, N., Wallentin, L., Siegbahn, A., Barratt, B.J., Becker, R.C., Budaj, A., Himmelmann, A., Husted, S., Storey, R.F. and Johansson, ., 2014. Polymorphism of the cystatin C gene in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Results from the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes study. American heart journal, 168(1), pp.96-102. Bai, H. X., Zhou, H., Tan, X., Huang, X., Yang, L. 2016. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy as an etiology for cortical superficial siderosis: an unproven hypothesis. 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